一文讲清base64编码原理

|   文本           |    L     |    J     |    Y     |
|  ASCII          |    76    |    74    |    89    |
| 二进制位         | 01001100 | 01001010 | 01011001 |
| 分组二进制       | 010011   | 000100   | 101001   | 011001   |
| 分组二进制补2个0 | 00010011 | 00000100 | 00101001 | 00011001 |
| 分组索引         |   19     |   4      |   41     |   25     |
| base64编码       |   T     |   E      |    p      |   Z      |

主要展示：
转换前二进制位: 01001100 01001010 01011001
转换后二进制位: 00010011 00000100 00101001 00011001
复制代码

<!-- 缺2位字符,字符串以A为例转换base64后位QQ== -->
|   文本（1Byte）  |    A     |          |          |
| 二进制位         | 01000001 |          |          |
| 分组二进制       | 010000   | 010000   |          |          |
| 分组二进制补0    | 00010000 | 00010000 |          |          |
| 分组索引         |   16     |   16     |          |          |
| base64编码       |   Q     |   Q      |    =      |   =      |

<!-- 缺1位字符,字符串以AB为例转换base64后位QUI= -->
|   文本（1Byte）  |    A     |     B    |          |
| 二进制位         | 01000001 | 01000010 |          |
| 分组二进制       | 010000   | 010100   |  001000  |          |
| 分组二进制补0    | 00010000 | 00010100 | 00001000 |          |
| 分组索引         |   16     |   20     |    8      |          |
| base64编码       |   Q     |   U      |    I      |   =      |
复制代码

// 简单数据
const encodedData = btoa('Hello, world'); // encode a string
const decodedData = atob(encodedData); // decode the string


// convert a Unicode string to a string in which
// each 16-bit unit occupies only one byte
function toBinary(string) {
  const codeUnits = new Uint16Array(string.length);
  for (let i = 0; i < codeUnits.length; i++) {
    codeUnits[i] = string.charCodeAt(i);
  }
  const charCodes = new Uint8Array(codeUnits.buffer);
  let result = '';
  for (let i = 0; i < charCodes.byteLength; i++) {
    result += String.fromCharCode(charCodes[i]);
  }
  return result;
}
function fromBinary(binary) {
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(binary.length);
  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
    bytes[i] = binary.charCodeAt(i);
  }
  const charCodes = new Uint16Array(bytes.buffer);
  let result = '';
  for (let i = 0; i < charCodes.length; i++) {
    result += String.fromCharCode(charCodes[i]);
  }
  return result;
}

// a string that contains characters occupying > 1 byte
const myString = '☸☹☺☻☼☾☿';

const converted = toBinary(myString);
const encoded = btoa(converted);
console.log(encoded); // OCY5JjomOyY8Jj4mPyY=

const decoded = atob(encoded);
const original = fromBinary(decoded);
console.log(original); // ☸☹☺☻☼☾☿

// base64编码表
const map = {
  0: 52,
  1: 53,
  2: 54,
  3: 55,
  4: 56,
  5: 57,
  6: 58,
  7: 59,
  8: 60,
  9: 61,
  A: 0,
  B: 1,
  C: 2,
  D: 3,
  E: 4,
  F: 5,
  G: 6,
  H: 7,
  I: 8,
  J: 9,
  K: 10,
  L: 11,
  M: 12,
  N: 13,
  O: 14,
  P: 15,
  Q: 16,
  R: 17,
  S: 18,
  T: 19,
  U: 20,
  V: 21,
  W: 22,
  X: 23,
  Y: 24,
  Z: 25,
  a: 26,
  b: 27,
  c: 28,
  d: 29,
  e: 30,
  f: 31,
  g: 32,
  h: 33,
  i: 34,
  j: 35,
  k: 36,
  l: 37,
  m: 38,
  n: 39,
  o: 40,
  p: 41,
  q: 42,
  r: 43,
  s: 44,
  t: 45,
  u: 46,
  v: 47,
  w: 48,
  x: 49,
  y: 50,
  z: 51,
  '+': 62,
  '/': 63,
};

function base64to2(base64) {
  let len = base64.length * 0.75; // 转换为int8array所需长度
  base64 = base64.replace(/=*$/, ''); // 去掉=号（占位的）

  const int8 = new Int8Array(len); //设置int8array视图
  let arr1,
    arr2,
    arr3,
    arr4,
    p = 0;

  for (let i = 0; i < base64.length; i += 4) {
    arr1 = map[base64[i]]; // 每次循环 都将base644个字节转换为3个int8array直接
    arr2 = map[base64[i + 1]];
    arr3 = map[base64[i + 2]];
    arr4 = map[base64[i + 3]];
    // 假设数据arr 数据 00101011 00101111 00110011 00110001
    int8[p++] = (arr1 << 2) | (arr2 >> 4);
    // 上面的操作 arr1向左边移动2位 变为10101100
    // arr2 向右移动4位：00000010
    // | 为'与'操作: 10101110
    int8[p++] = (arr2 << 4) | (arr3 >> 2);
    int8[p++] = (arr3 << 6) | arr4;
  }
  return int8;
}

// base64图片转blob
function base64toBlob(base64) {
  var arr = base64.split(','),
    mime = arr[0].match(/:(.*?);/)[1] || 'image/png',
    bstr = atob(arr[1]), // 将base64转为Unicode规则编码
    n = bstr.length,
    u8arr = new Uint8Array(n);
  while (n--) {
    u8arr[n] = bstr.charCodeAt(n); // 转换编码后才可以使用charCodeAt 找到Unicode编码
  }
  return new Blob([u8arr], { type: mime });
}


function base64ToBlob(base64) {
  var arr = base64.split(',');
  var mime = arr[0].match(/:(.*?);/)[1] || 'image/png';
  // 去掉url的头，并转化为byte
  var bytes = window.atob(arr[1]);
  // 处理异常,将ascii码小于0的转换为大于0
  var ab = new ArrayBuffer(bytes.length);
  // 生成视图（直接针对内存）：8位无符号整数，长度1个字节
  var u8arr = new Uint8Array(ab);

  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
    u8arr[i] = bytes.charCodeAt(i);
  }

  return new Blob([u8arr], { type: mime });
}