详解Javaweb状态管理的Session和Cookie
问题引入
- Http协议是无转态的,不能保存提交的信息
- 如果用户发来一个新的请求,服务器无法知道它是否与上次的请求联系
- 对于那些需要多次提交数据才能完成的WEB操作,比如登录,就难以完成
概念
将浏览器与web服务器之间多次交互当做一个整体来处理,并且多次交互所涉及的数据(状态)保存下来
状态管理分类
- 客户端状态管理技术:将转态保存在客户端,代表性的是Cooklie技术
- 服务器状态管理技术:将状态保存在服务器端,代表性的是session技术(服务器传递session时需要使用Cookie的方式)和application
Cookie
- Cookie是浏览器访问Web服务器某个资源时,由Web服务器在HTTP响应消息头中附带传送给浏览器的小段数据
- 一旦Web服务器保存了某个Cookie,那么它在以后每次访问该Web服务器时,都应在HTTP请求中将这个Cookie回传给Web服务器
- 一个Cookie主要由标识该信息的名称name和值value组成
Cookie的创建、获取、修改
Cookie创建
@WebServlet(value = "/cs")
public class CookieServlet extends httpservlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//服务端创建Cookie对象
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("username","weishuo");
//设置Cookie的访问路径
cookie.setPath("/Servlet_Projects_war/get");
//设置Cookie的有效期 >0有效期,单位秒 =0浏览器关闭 <0内存存储 默认-1
cookie.setMaxAge(60*60); //1小时
//添加到response对象中,将Cookie响应给客户端
resp.addCookie(cookie); //将Cookie添加到response对象中,响应给客户端
}
}
Cookie获取
@WebServlet(value = "/get")
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//通过request对象获取所有的cookie
Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();
if (cookies!=null){ //判断cookies数组是否为空,避免空指针异常
//通过循环遍历Cookie
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
System.out.println(cookie.getName() + ":" + cookie.getValue());
}
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Cookie修改
如果修改Cookie的name和有效路径会新建cookie,而改变Cookie值,有效期会覆盖原有的Cookie
@WebServlet(value = "/cs2")
public class CookieServlet2 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//服务端创建Cookie对象
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("username","given");
//设置Cookie的访问路径
cookie.setPath("/Servlet_Projects_war/get");
//设置Cookie有效期
cookie.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7); //7天
//添加到response对象中,将Cookie响应给客户端
resp.addCookie(cookie);
}
}
Cookie编码与解码
Cookie默认不支持中文
,只能包含ASCII字符
,所以Cookie需要对Unicode字符进行编码,否则会出现乱码
- 编码可以使用
java.net.URLEncoder类
的encode(String str,String encoding)
方法- 解码使用
java.net.URLDecoder类
的decode(String str,String encoding)
方法
//Cookie设置
@WebServlet(value = "/cs3")
public class CookieServlet3 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//服务端创建Cookie对象,使用Cookie编码
Cookie cookie = new Cookie(URLEncoder.encode("姓名","UTF-8"),URLEncoder.encode("张三","UTF-8"));
//设置Cookie的访问路径
cookie.setPath("/Servlet_Projects_war/get");
//设置Cookie有效期
cookie.setMaxAge(600);
//添加到response对象中,将Cookie响应给客户端
resp.addCookie(cookie);
}
}
//Cookie读取
@WebServlet(value = "/get")
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//通过request对象获取所有的cookie
Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();
if (cookies!=null){ //判断cookies数组是否为空,避免空指针异常
//通过循环遍历Cookie
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
//使用Cookie解码
System.out.println(URLDecoder.decode(cookie.getName(),"UTF-8") + ":" + URLDecoder.decode(cookie.getValue(),"UTF-8"));
}
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
总结
Cookie优点
可配置到期规则Cookie是一种基于文本的轻量级结构,包含简单的键值对Cookie默认在过期之前是可以一直存在在客户端浏览器上
Cookie的缺点
大小受到限制,浏览器对Cookie大小有4K,8K字节限制用户配置为禁用,用户禁用了浏览器或客户端接受Cookie的能力Cookie可能被篡改,存在潜在风险
Session
概述
- Session用于记录用户的状态,Session指的是一段时间,单个客户端与web服务器的一连串交互过程
- 一个Session中,客户可能会多次请求访问同一个资源,也可能请求访问各种不同的服务器资源
原理
Tip:
Session和Cookie都是由服务器端创建
- 服务器为每一次会话分配一个Session对象
- 同一个浏览器发起的多次请求,同属于一次会话(Session)
- 首次使用Session,服务器自动创建Session,并且创建Cookie存储SessionID发送回客户端
session使用
Session作用域:拥有存储数据的空间,作用范围是一次会话有效
- 一次会话是使用同一浏览器发送到多次请求,浏览器关闭则会话结束
- 可以将数据存入Session中,一次会话的任意位置进行获取
- 可以传递任何数据(基本数据类型、对象、集合、数组)
获取session
//获取Session对象
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
System.out.println("id"+session.getId()); //唯一标识
package com.woniu.sessions;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.*;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet(name = "Servlet", value = "/ss")
public class Servlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//通过request对象获取session对象
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
System.out.println(session.getId());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
Session保存数据
- 保存数据到session中
setAttribute(属性名,Objects);
session.setAttribute("key",value);//以键值对形式存储在session作用域中
Session获取数据
- 获取session中数据
getAttribute(属性名);
session.getAttribute("key"); //通过String类型的key访问Object类型的value
Session移除数据
- 从Session中删除数据
removeAttribute(属性名);
session.removeAttribute("key");//通过移除session作用域中的值
应用
- Servlet类
@WebServlet(name = "Servlet", value = "/ss")
public class Servlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//通过request对象获取session对象
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
//使用session保存数据
session.setAttribute("username","given");
//通过产生的session对象获取sessionId
System.out.println(session.getId());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
- GetValueServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "GetValueServlet", value = "/getValue")
public class GetValueServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username");
System.out.println("从session中获得了" + username); //从session中获得了given
}
}
- RemoveServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "RemoveServlet", value = "/remove")
public class RemoveServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.removeAttribute("username");
}
}
- 结果
543D0EA33CB586691A02C00564E34CEA
从session中获得了given
从session中获得了null
Session & Request 区别
- request是一次请求有效,请求改变,则request改变
- session是一次会话有效,浏览器改变,则session改变
SessionServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "Servlet", value = "/ss")
public class SessionServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//通过request对象获取session对象
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
//使用session保存数据
session.setAttribute("username","given");
//使用request保存数据
request.setAttribute("passWord",123456);
//重定向跳转到/getValue
response.sendRedirect("/Servlet_Projects_war/getValue");
//通过产生的session对象获取sessionId
System.out.println(session.getId());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
GetValueServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "GetValueServlet", value = "/getValue")
public class GetValueServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String password = (String) request.getAttribute("password");
System.out.println("从request中获得了" + password);
String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username");
System.out.println("从session中获得了" + username); //从session中获得了given
}
}
结果
从request中获得了null
从session中获得了given
总结
sendRedirect跳转时,地址栏发生改变,代表客户端重新发送请求,属于两次请求;response没有作用域,两次request请求中的数据无法共享;而session只要浏览器不关闭属于一次会话,一次会话中浏览器数据可以共享
Session生命周期
- 开始:第一次使用到Session的请求产生,则创建Session
- 结束
- 浏览器关闭,则失效
- Session超时,则失效
- session.SetMaxInactivelnterval(seconds); 设置最大有效时间(单位/秒)
- 手工销毁,则失效
- session.invalidate(); 登录退出、注销
- Session超时,则失效
LifeSessionServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "LifeSessionServlet", value = "/life")
public class LifeSessionServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取session
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
//设置session有效过期时间为10s
session.setMaxInactiveInterval(10);
//通过产生的session对象获取sessionId
System.out.println(session.getId());
}
}
GetSessionServlet类
@WebServlet(name = "GetSessionServlet", value = "/getSession")
public class GetSessionServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(request, response);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取session
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
System.out.println(session.getId());
//手工销毁,立即失效
//session.invalidate();
}
}
结果
浏览器输入/life,获取到的sessionId
71A9B2141F22840E0BE7EA67B49EC9B3
10秒内,浏览器输入/getSession,获取到的sessionId
71A9B2141F22840E0BE7EA67B49EC9B3
10秒后,浏览器输入/getSession,获取到的sessionId
EDF2E31978DE8295486C2657016F5202
浏览器禁用Cookie解决方案
浏览器禁用Cookie后果
服务器在默认情况下,会使用Cookie的方式将sessionID发送给服务器,如果用户禁止Cookie,则sessionID不会被浏览器保存,此时,服务器使用如URL重写这样的方式来发送sessionID
URL重写
浏览器在访问服务器上的某个地址时,不再使用原来的那个地址,而是使用经过改写的地址(即在原来的地址后面加上sessionID)
实现URL重写
- response.encodeRedirectURL(String url); //生成重写的URL
//实现URL重写
String url = response.encodeRedirectURL("/Servlet_Projects_war/getSession");
//输出URL重写地址
System.out.println(url);
//重定向转发
response.sendRedirect(url);
结果
重写URL地址
/Servlet_Projects_war/getSession;jsessionid=A38B1C92B9CDE10F6ED5E7AA19E919F0
浏览器输入/life,获取到的sessionId
A38B1C92B9CDE10F6ED5E7AA19E919F0
重定向转发地址:/Servlet_Projects_war/getSession,获取到的sessionId
A38B1C92B9CDE10F6ED5E7AA19E919F0
到此这篇关于详解javaweb状态管理的Session和Cookie的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Javaweb的Session和Cookie内容请搜索以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持!
相关文章