为什么通过 ORM 加载 SQLAlchemy 对象比通过原始 MySQLdb 游标加载行慢 5-8 倍?

And finally the pom file to run it all in maven:

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>herbert</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernateORM</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>hibernateORM</name>
    <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
    <repositories>
        <repository>
            <id>unknown-jars-temp-repo</id>
            <name>A temporary repository created by NetBeans for libraries and jars it could not identify. Please replace the dependencies in this repository with correct ones and delete this repository.</name>
            <url>file:${project.basedir}/lib</url>
        </repository>
    </repositories>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>3.8.1</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <version>5.1.21</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.1.Final</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.1.Final</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate.common</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-commons-annotations</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.1.Final</version>
        </dependency>   
        <dependency>
            <groupId>nz.ac.waikato.cms.weka</groupId>
            <artifactId>weka-dev</artifactId>
            <version>3.7.10</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-configuration</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-configuration</artifactId>
            <version>1.9</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-net</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-net</artifactId>
            <version>3.1</version>
            <classifier>examples</classifier>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
            <artifactId>gson</artifactId>
            <version>2.2.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>maven</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-jetty-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>1.1</version>
            <type>plugin</type>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
            <version>2.4</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
                <groupId>com.kenai.nbpwr</groupId>
                <artifactId>org-slf4j-jdk14</artifactId>
                <version>1.6.1-201106101300</version>
                <type>nbm</type>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>
</project>

推荐答案

这是您的 MySQL 脚本的 SQLAlchemy 版本，它的执行时间为四秒，而 MySQLdb 为三秒:

from sqlalchemy import Integer, Column, create_engine, MetaData, Table
import datetime

metadata = MetaData()

foo = Table(
    'foo', metadata,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('a', Integer(), nullable=False),
    Column('b', Integer(), nullable=False),
    Column('c', Integer(), nullable=False),
)


class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c

engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test', echo=True)
start = datetime.datetime.now()

with engine.connect() as conn:
    foos = [
        Foo(row['a'], row['b'], row['c'])
        for row in
        conn.execute(foo.select().limit(1000000)).fetchall()
    ]


print "total time: ", datetime.datetime.now() - start

total time:  0:00:04.706010

import time
from sqlalchemy import Integer, Column, create_engine, Table
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

Base = declarative_base()


class Foo(Base):
    __table__ = Table(
        'foo', Base.metadata,
        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column('a', Integer(), nullable=False),
        Column('b', Integer(), nullable=False),
        Column('c', Integer(), nullable=False),
    )


engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test', echo=True)

sess = Session(engine)

now = time.time()

# avoid using all() so that we don't have the overhead of building
# a large list of full objects in memory
for obj in sess.query(Foo).yield_per(100).limit(1000000):
    pass

print("Total time: %d" % (time.time() - now))

for obj in sess.query(Foo.id, Foo.a, Foo.b, Foo.c).yield_per(100).limit(1000000):
    pass