SQLite 性能基准测试——为什么 :memory: 这么慢……只有磁盘的 1.5 倍?

Am I doing something wrong here? Any thoughts on why :memory: isn't producing nearly instant lookups? Here's the benchmark:

==> sqlite_memory_vs_disk_benchmark.py <==

#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Attempt to see whether :memory: offers significant performance benefits.

"""
import os
import time
import sqlite3
import numpy as np

def load_mat(conn,mat):
    c = conn.cursor()

    #Try to avoid hitting disk, trading safety for speed.
    #http://stackoverflow.com/questions/304393
    c.execute('PRAGMA temp_store=MEMORY;')
    c.execute('PRAGMA journal_mode=MEMORY;')

    # Make a demo table
    c.execute('create table if not exists demo (id1 int, id2 int, val real);')
    c.execute('create index id1_index on demo (id1);')
    c.execute('create index id2_index on demo (id2);')
    for row in mat:
        c.execute('insert into demo values(?,?,?);', (row[0],row[1],row[2]))
    conn.commit()

def querytime(conn,query):
    start = time.time()
    foo = conn.execute(query).fetchall()
    diff = time.time() - start
    return diff

#1) Build some fake data with 3 columns: int, int, float
nn   = 1000000 #numrows
cmax = 700    #num uniques in 1st col
gmax = 5000   #num uniques in 2nd col

mat = np.zeros((nn,3),dtype='object')
mat[:,0] = np.random.randint(0,cmax,nn)
mat[:,1] = np.random.randint(0,gmax,nn)
mat[:,2] = np.random.uniform(0,1,nn)

#2) Load it into both dbs & build indices
try: os.unlink('foo.sqlite')
except OSError: pass

conn_mem = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
conn_disk = sqlite3.connect('foo.sqlite')
load_mat(conn_mem,mat)
load_mat(conn_disk,mat)
del mat

#3) Execute a series of random queries and see how long it takes each of these
numqs = 10
numqrows = 300000 #max number of ids of each kind
results = np.zeros((numqs,3))
for qq in range(numqs):
    qsize = np.random.randint(1,numqrows,1)
    id1a = np.sort(np.random.permutation(np.arange(cmax))[0:qsize]) #ensure uniqueness of ids queried
    id2a = np.sort(np.random.permutation(np.arange(gmax))[0:qsize])
    id1s = ','.join([str(xx) for xx in id1a])
    id2s = ','.join([str(xx) for xx in id2a])
    query = 'select * from demo where id1 in (%s) AND id2 in (%s);' % (id1s,id2s)

    results[qq,0] = round(querytime(conn_disk,query),4)
    results[qq,1] = round(querytime(conn_mem,query),4)
    results[qq,2] = int(qsize)

#4) Now look at the results
print "  disk | memory | qsize"
print "-----------------------"
for row in results:
    print "%.4f | %.4f | %d" % (row[0],row[1],row[2])

这是结果.请注意，对于相当广泛的查询大小，磁盘占用的内存大约是内存的 1.5 倍.

[ramanujan:~]$python -OO sqlite_memory_vs_disk_clean.py
  disk | memory | qsize
-----------------------
9.0332 | 6.8100 | 12630
9.0905 | 6.6953 | 5894
9.0078 | 6.8384 | 17798
9.1179 | 6.7673 | 60850
9.0629 | 6.8355 | 94854
8.9688 | 6.8093 | 17940
9.0785 | 6.6993 | 58003
9.0309 | 6.8257 | 85663
9.1423 | 6.7411 | 66047
9.1814 | 6.9794 | 11345