我们能否提高这种面向密钥的访问保护模式的可重用性?

In C++0x, the idiom can reach its simplest and most expressive form. This is due to both variadic templates and allowing template parameters to be friends. (Note that MSVC pre-2010 allows template friend specifiers as an extension; therefore one can simulate this solution):

// each class has its own unique key only it can create
// (it will try to get friendship by "showing" its passkey)
template <typename T>
class passkey
{
private:
    friend T; // C++0x, MSVC allows as extension
    passkey() {}

    // noncopyable
    passkey(const passkey&) = delete;
    passkey& operator=(const passkey&) = delete;
};

// functions still require a macro. this
// is because a friend function requires
// the entire declaration, which is not
// just a type, but a name as well. we do 
// this by creating a tag and specializing 
// the passkey for it, friending the function
#define EXPAND(pX) pX

// we use variadic macro parameters to allow
// functions with commas, it all gets pasted
// back together again when we friend it
#define PASSKEY_FUNCTION(pTag, pFunc, ...)               
        struct EXPAND(pTag);                             
                                                         
        template <>                                      
        class passkey<EXPAND(pTag)>                      
        {                                                
        private:                                         
            friend pFunc __VA_ARGS__;                    
            passkey() {}                                 
                                                         
            passkey(const passkey&) = delete;            
            passkey& operator=(const passkey&) = delete; 
        }

// meta function determines if a type 
// is contained in a parameter pack
template<typename T, typename... List>
struct is_contained : std::false_type {};

template<typename T, typename... List>
struct is_contained<T, T, List...> : std::true_type {};

template<typename T, typename Head, typename... List>
struct is_contained<T, Head, List...> : is_contained<T, List...> {};

// this class can only be created with allowed passkeys
template <typename... Keys>
class allow
{
public:
    // check if passkey is allowed
    template <typename Key>
    allow(const passkey<Key>&)
    {
        static_assert(is_contained<Key, Keys>::value, 
                        "Passkey is not allowed.");
    }

private:
    // noncopyable
    allow(const allow&) = delete;
    allow& operator=(const allow&) = delete;
};

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// test!
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct bar;
struct baz;
struct qux;
void quux(int, double);

// make a passkey for quux function
PASSKEY_FUNCTION(quux_tag, void quux(int, double));

struct foo
{    
    void restricted1(allow<bar>) {}
    void restricted2(allow<bar, baz>) {}
    void restricted3(allow<quux_tag>) {}
} f;

struct bar
{
    void run(void)
    {
        // passkey works
        f.restricted1(passkey<bar>());
        f.restricted2(passkey<bar>());
    }
};

struct baz
{
    void run(void)
    {
        // passkey does not work
        /* f.restricted1(passkey<baz>()); */

        // passkey works
        f.restricted2(passkey<baz>());
    }
};

struct qux
{
    void run(void)
    {
        // own passkey does not work,
        // cannot create any required passkeys
        /* f.restricted1(passkey<qux>()); */
        /* f.restricted2(passkey<qux>()); */
        /* f.restricted1(passkey<bar>()); */
        /* f.restricted2(passkey<baz>()); */
    }
};

void quux(int, double)
{
    // passkey words
    f.restricted3(passkey<quux_tag>());
}

void corge(void)
{
    // cannot use quux's passkey
    /* f.restricted3(passkey<quux_tag>()); */
}

int main(){}

请注意，仅使用样板代码，在大多数情况下(所有 非功能情况！)无需特别定义.这段代码一般简单地实现了类和函数的任意组合的习惯用法.