在执行 I/O 密集型任务时，20 个进程中的 400 个线程优于 4 个进程中的 400 个线程

Here is the experimental code that can launch a specified number of worker processes and then launch a specified number of worker threads within each process and perform the task of fetching URLs:

import multiprocessing
import sys
import time
import threading
import urllib.request


def main():
    processes = int(sys.argv[1])
    threads = int(sys.argv[2])
    urls = int(sys.argv[3])

    # Start process workers.
    in_q = multiprocessing.Queue()
    process_workers = []
    for _ in range(processes):
        w = multiprocessing.Process(target=process_worker, args=(threads, in_q))
        w.start()
        process_workers.append(w)

    start_time = time.time()

    # Feed work.
    for n in range(urls):
        in_q.put('http://www.example.com/?n={}'.format(n))

    # Send sentinel for each thread worker to quit.
    for _ in range(processes * threads):
        in_q.put(None)

    # Wait for workers to terminate.
    for w in process_workers:
        w.join()

    # Print time consumed and fetch speed.
    total_time = time.time() - start_time
    fetch_speed = urls / total_time
    print('{} x {} workers => {:.3} s, {:.1f} URLs/s'
          .format(processes, threads, total_time, fetch_speed))



def process_worker(threads, in_q):
    # Start thread workers.
    thread_workers = []
    for _ in range(threads):
        w = threading.Thread(target=thread_worker, args=(in_q,))
        w.start()
        thread_workers.append(w)

    # Wait for thread workers to terminate.
    for w in thread_workers:
        w.join()


def thread_worker(in_q):
    # Each thread performs the actual work. In this case, we will assume
    # that the work is to fetch a given URL.
    while True:
        url = in_q.get()
        if url is None:
            break

        with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as u:
            pass # Do nothing
            # print('{} - {} {}'.format(url, u.getcode(), u.reason))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

这是我运行这个程序的方式:

python3 foo.py <PROCESSES> <THREADS> <URLS>

$ cat /etc/debian_version 
9.9

$ python3
Python 3.5.3 (default, Sep 27 2018, 17:25:39) 
[GCC 6.3.0 20170516] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

$ free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7987          67        7834          10          85        7734
Swap:           511           0         511

$ nproc
4

$ python3 foo.py 20 20 10000
20 x 20 workers => 5.12 s, 1954.6 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 20 20 10000
20 x 20 workers => 5.28 s, 1895.5 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 20 20 10000
20 x 20 workers => 5.22 s, 1914.2 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 20 20 10000
20 x 20 workers => 5.38 s, 1859.8 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 20 20 10000
20 x 20 workers => 5.19 s, 1925.2 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 4 100 10000
4 x 100 workers => 9.2 s, 1086.4 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 4 100 10000
4 x 100 workers => 10.9 s, 916.5 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 4 100 10000
4 x 100 workers => 7.8 s, 1282.2 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 4 100 10000
4 x 100 workers => 10.3 s, 972.3 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 4 100 10000
4 x 100 workers => 6.37 s, 1570.9 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 1 400 10000
1 x 400 workers => 13.5 s, 742.8 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 1 400 10000
1 x 400 workers => 14.3 s, 697.5 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 1 400 10000
1 x 400 workers => 13.1 s, 761.3 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 1 400 10000
1 x 400 workers => 15.6 s, 640.4 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 1 400 10000
1 x 400 workers => 13.1 s, 764.4 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 400 1 10000
400 x 1 workers => 14.0 s, 715.0 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 400 1 10000
400 x 1 workers => 6.1 s, 1638.9 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 400 1 10000
400 x 1 workers => 7.08 s, 1413.1 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 400 1 10000
400 x 1 workers => 7.23 s, 1382.9 URLs/s

$ python3 foo.py 400 1 10000
400 x 1 workers => 11.3 s, 882.9 URLs/s

Case 1:  20 x  20 workers => 5.22 s, 1914.2 URLs/s ( 10% to  15% CPU/process)
Case 2:   4 x 100 workers => 9.20 s, 1086.4 URLs/s ( 40% to  60% CPU/process)
Case 3:   1 x 400 workers => 13.5 s,  742.8 URLs/s (120% to 125% CPU/process)
Case 4: 400 x   1 workers => 7.23 s, 1382.9 URLs/s (  1% to   3% CPU/process